What they are, there are differences between Fingerprints and Digital

Footprint, mark or trace that a person leaves on earth
A trace is the mark or trace that a person leaves on the earth or in some way when stepping on it. Generally, the earth, the grass, and other materials such as wet cement are able to contain in a very definite way the trace of that person or animal that passed through there.

Those marks that leave our hands on some surface when touched
Meanwhile, with regard to fingerprints, fingerprints or fingerprints, we must clarify in principle that both concepts refer to the same thing, they are those that just leave our hands and fingers on some surface when touched.



It is more precisely a visible impression that know how to leave the papillary crests of the fingers on any surface.

Through them a person can be identified. Unique and non-transferable
The importance of fingerprints and fingerprints is that it is through it that a person can be identified. There is nothing more personal and individual than the marks left by our fingers, it is unique and non-transferable and that is why they are used as a way to identify an individual in an unequivocal way. That is, the fingerprints of a person are taken and only correspond to that individual, can never be attributed to another.

They accompany IDs in identity documents and passports
When people manage identity documents or other documentation of the style, such as identity cards and passports, before competent authorities, fingerprints are taken so that these impressions accompany our identification.

Until the arrival of technology, the organisms that extended the identity documents and other identifications took the fingerprints of each finger through a substance that allowed a clear representation of the capillary of the fingers. Today, with the increasingly present technology, less dirty and cumbersome methods are used to take them, such as specialized equipment.

In the meantime, if a situation occurs that at first sight does not allow a person to be identified, as sometimes happens in accidents, when the fingerprints are taken, the identification of that person can be established.

Crucial in procedures that investigate crimes or illicit
On the other hand, at the request of some crime or illicit, the security forces first thing is to take the impressions of the place to detect the presence of some of these footprints, which will later allow to determine the people who were present there and probably identify the aggressor or victimizer.


Depending on the context in which it is used, the word impression may refer to different issues in our language.

Reproduction of a text or image electronically or manually, with a printer or printer, respectively
One of the most recurrent uses of the term allows to designate the reproduction of a text or an illustration that has been made in a printing press, or, failing that, in an electronic way from a printer.
"I still have to go to check out the printing of bills that we order."

Printing process
Then, the word impression is used to designate the process that involves the production of texts and images.
It consists of the application of ink on a paper through a printer or a press.
Meanwhile, industrial printing or when it involves a large number of units is carried out in specialized spaces known as printers; by means of ink and pressure types, the figures and words are transferred to the paper in question.



How do printers work? Types
Printers are the most common devices used by ordinary people when they have to reproduce texts or images that come from an electronic file.
Just enough to have this device that connects directly to the PC or notebook and send the print order to obtain the electronic document in print.

The printer is one of the most popular and common peripherals that we use together with the computer. It is an output device that facilitates the printing of any type of work or operation performed through the computer.

To work properly, a printer needs two basic elements such as ink and paper.
The ink is housed in cartridges that enter a space inside the printer and may be black and white, or in color.
Those who use color are known as fast drying because they have a special system that will make colors dry quickly and do not distort, while those in black and white use a slower drying.
The papers can also be in formats.

The advancement of technology has also increased in this field and so we can find different types of printers: laser (which stand out for working with a toner and have a high speed), inkjet, dot matrix , the double face, the braille, the newest ones that incorporate 3D technology and that allow obtaining impressions in three dimensions.

Also, the way in which a text or an illustration is printed is called printing.
"The printing of Laura's marriage cards has been truly luxurious."

Mark that leaves one thing in another when pressed
On the other hand, the mark or the signal that one thing leaves in another when pressing it is popularly called impression.
"I knew someone was in our garden while we were not there because I found several prints in the grass."

Footprint in the mood that causes a sad or surprising situation
Another use of the word allows us to give an account of the effect, of the trace, that certain situations provoke in the mood of a person. Generally, surprising and unexpected, painful and unpleasant situations such as the loss of a loved one, an accident, among others, are often the triggers of this type of effects.

When, for example, a loved one is lost in an unforeseen way, the trace or effect that this will cause to us will certainly be indelible and tragic.
It will cost us a lot to overcome it, there are even people who spend years and years suffering for it.
The specialists in psychology say that duels for the death of a close being lasts about a year, although of course it can be variable from person to person and the character and personality of the same will also greatly affect.

If it is appreciated that this pain lasts over time it will be essential that the person start a psychotherapy to talk and overcome the issue.

Opinion that someone is formed about something or someone
On the other hand, the opinion that one has about something or about someone is commonly referred to as printing.
"My brother had a very positive impression of your father after treating him at the club."
However, that impression or opinion that someone generates from their way of acting or speaking can be positive as in the example shown, or failing that can be negative, causing that situation a rejection towards the person.

And for its part, the expressions change impressions and print refer communicate, exchange views and impressive, respectively

I hope I have contributed a bit to the vast knowledge of science...

Auxiliary sciences of criminology

THE FUNDAMENTAL



Biology

Criminological biology studied the man of antisocial behavior as a living being, from his genetic background to his anatomo-physiological processes; The influence of biological phenomena on crime and the participation of biological factors in crime.



Sociology

This subject studies the criminal event phenomenon as it occurs in the community, both in its causes and factors and in its forms, development, effects and relationships with other facts and behaviors that occur in society. (study crime as a social phenomenon)



Psychology

"Criminal psychology tries to find out, to know what it is that can induce a subject, a meaning, what that behavior means to him, because the idea of ​​punishment is not commemorated and makes an announcement of his criminal behavior." It studies the deviations and motivations of the personality in the relation with the crime as primary factors of the same.



VICTIMOLOGY

It can be defined as the scientific study of the victims of a crime or antisocial behavior, the Victim has not become a study of the subject, has not been found in other people. be the accident



THE AUXILIARIES



Economy

this science studies the processes of production and distribution in politically organized society, together with criminology, together with criminology, and as one of the factors that represent criminality



CRIMINOLOGICAL POLICY

The Criminological Policy is, traditionally, the application of all the data provided by the scientific investigation of the crime, the crime of criminality, as well as the social reaction towards them, the attempt to avoid prevention, and when this is not possible, repressing them .



Statistics

Etymologically, the word "statistics" comes from the Latin statisticum collegium

Non-legal auxiliary science of criminal law that studies the numerical aspect of crime as a social phenomenon, but by itself in its figures.



Methodology

We can define Methodology as the systematic analysis of procedures, hypotheses and the means of explanation with which we find ourselves in empirical research, the importance of methodology is in the sense that allows a more effective theory of social phenomena . According to what is understood as what is understood as a criminological method, the methods of criminological research are analyzed and analyzed.



PENOLOGY or Penitentiary Law



Penology has traditionally been considered as the study of the various means of repression and the prevention of antisocial behaviors, their methods of application and post-penitentiary action. Penology is the study of the origin, foundation, necessity, variability and consequences of their execution.



ANTHROPOLOGY

Study criminal information, analysis of measurements and numerical relationships of different parts of the human body (Anthropometry).

The Criminological Anthropology also studies the effect of the physical environment and the adaptation of man himself, as well as the space in which the human being moves,



THE CRIMINALISTIC

Criminalistics is the set of procedures used in search, discovery and verification.



Forensic Medicine

Forensic medicine, in its practice and application, is the technique, it is the procedure by which one or several branches of medicine or related sciences are used for the study and resolution of problems.



FORENSIC PSYCHIATRY

It is the medical science that studies mental illnesses, in its sense of forensic it deals with the medical-legal problems that arise from mental illness. We can say that it is the application of medical knowledge in mental pathology in all cases in which it is necessary to specify the mental state of an individual

It is a synthetic, causal, explanatory, natural and cultural science of antisocial behaviors. It is a science, by virtue of having its own object and methods, as well as specific ends.



The criminal law

is the set of laws by which the state defines crimes, penalties, criminals and the specific application thereof and incrimination cases.




Thanks for your attention

LAS CIENCIAS AUXILIARES DE LA CRIMINOLOGíA

LAS FUNDAMENTALES

BIOLOGÍA
La Biología Criminológica estudia al hombre de conducta antisocial como un ser vivo, desde sus antecedentes genéticos hasta sus procesos anatomo-fisiológicos; estudia también la influencia de los fenómenos biológicos en la criminalidad y la participación de los factores biológicos en el crimen

SOCIOLOGÍA
Esta materia estudia el acontecer criminal como fenómeno que se da en la colectividad, tanto en sus causas y factores como en sus formas, desarrollo, efectos y relaciones con otros hechos y conductas que se dan en la sociedad. (estudia el crimen como un fenómeno social)

PSICOLOGÍA
“La Psicología Criminal trata de averiguar, de conocer qué es lo que induce a un sujeto a delinquir, qué significado tiene esa conducta para él, porque la idea de castigo no le atemoriza y le hace renunciar a sus conductas criminales.” Estudia las desviaciones y motivaciones de la personalidad en relación con el crimen como factores primarios del mismo.

VICTIMOLOGÍA
Puede definirse como el estudio científico de las víctimas de un delito o de una conducta antisocial, la Victimología no se agota con el estudio del sujeto pasivo del delito, si no que atiende a otras personas que son afectadas, y a otros campos no delictivos como puede ser el de accidentes

LAS AUXILIARES

ECONOMIA
esta ciencia estudia los procesos de producción y distribución en la sociedad políticamente organizada ha estado ligada siempre junto a la criminologia ,ya sea como uno de los factores que generan la criminalidad

POLITICA CRIMINOLÓGICA
La Política Criminológica es, tradicionalmente la aplicación de todos aquellos conocimientos proporcionados por la investigación científica del crimen, del criminal de la criminalidad, así como de la reacción social hacia ellos, en el intento de evitarlos en forma preventiva, y cuando esto no sea posible, reprimiéndolos.

ESTADÍSTICA
Etimológicamente la palabra «estadística» procede del latín statisticum collegium
Ciencia auxiliar no jurídica del derecho penal que estudia el aspecto numérico del delito como fenómeno social, pero por si sola en sus cifras, no constituyen un medio independiente de investigación

METODOLOGÍA
Podemos definir a la Metodología como el análisis sistemático de los procedimientos, hipótesis y medios de explicación con que nos encontramos en la investigación empírica, la importancia de la metodología está en que permite una teorización más eficaz de los fenómenos sociales. De acuerdo a éstos conceptos podemos entender por metodología criminológica al estudio analítico y crítico de los métodos de investigación utilizados por la Criminología.

PENOLOGÍA o Derecho Penitenciario

Se ha considerado tradicionalmente a la penología como el estudio de los diversos medios de represión y prevención de las conductas antisociales (penas y medidas de seguridad), de sus métodos de aplicación y la actuación postpenitenciaria. La Penología es el estudio del origen, fundamento, necesidad, variabilidad y consecuencias de la ejecución de las sanciones

ANTROPOLOGÍA
Estudia al criminal a partir de sus características somáticas y psico-fisiológicos del delincuente, analizando las medidas y relaciones numéricas de las distintas partes del cuerpo humano (Antropometría).
La Antropología Criminológica estudia también el efecto del medio físico y la adaptación del hombre al mismo, así como del espacio en que se mueve el ser humano,

LA CRIMINALÍSTICA
La criminalística es el conjunto de procedimientos aplicables a la búsqueda, descubrimiento y verificación científica del hecho aparentemente delictuoso y del presunto actor de éste.

MEDICINA FORENSE
la Medicina Forense, en su ejercicio y aplicación, es la técnica, es el procedimiento mediante el cual aprovecha una o varias ramas de la medicina o de las ciencias conexas para estudiar y resolver casos concretos habitualmente ligados a situaciones legales o jurídicas.

PSIQUIATRÍA FORENSE
es la ciencia médica que estudia las enfermedades mentales, en su acepción de forense se ocupa de los problemas médicos-jurídicos que surgen de la enfermedad mental. Podemos decir que es la aplicación de los conocimientos médicos en la Patología mental en todos aquellos casos en que es necesario precisar el estado mental de un individuo
es una ciencia sintética, causal, explicativa, natural y cultural de las conductas antisociales. Es una ciencia, en virtud de que tiene objeto y métodos propios, así como fines específicos.

El Derecho Penal
es el conjunto de leyes mediante las cuales el Estado define los delitos, determina las penas imponibles a los delincuentes y regula la aplicación concreta de las mismas a los casos de incriminación.

gracias por su atención

What are microexpressions?

We have heard them mentioned again and again in series such as Lie To Me, being "protagonists" in the art of determining if a person is lying or not; We know they have to do with the expressions of our face, but what are they really? How do they manifest?

The microexpressions are involuntary movements of the muscles of the face, in especially emotional moments and that are related to a situation that can cause us anxiety; either for positive or negative reasons. Currently, it has been determined that the seven basic emotions (Happiness, anger, sadness, surprise, contempt, fear and disgust) can not be "falsified", because the muscles of the face move, in most cases, automatically, and there is no way we can reproduce those movements in a perfectly conscious way, even with a lot of practice. Even professional actors, whose work is precisely in that falsification, could not be more effective than those not initiated in the performing arts if they face a situation of imminent danger or deep emotional stress, because their reaction will be as primary as ours. .

Automatic and involuntary

The microexpressions are not called precisely because they are very small, but because their duration in the human face is incredibly short (approximately one twentieth of a second). At such speed, and combining it with conversation, body movements, manual gestures and lighting (all the elements that distract), it is very possible to ignore them. That is why for a true study of those micromotions, it is necessary to film the subject in high definition, so that we have the possibility to see the recording again and again, if possible, frame by frame.

To facilitate its study, Paul Ekman, an American scientist, created the Facial Action Coding System (FACS), which is a method for classifying the movements associated with the muscles of the face. Since the combination of the movements of the individual muscles would be a titanic but impractical task, Ekman decided to group the muscles into "groups" or units of action, in such a way that their classification was easier. Of course, the phrase "easier" is a euphemism that falls short, because even with this simplified approach it is possible to count more than 10,000 different facial expressions.

The "Wizards Project"

Ekman carried out an investigation called "The Wizards Project (magicians)", later called Project Diogenes. It was to determine what percentage of the population was able, in a natural way, to determine at a glance if a person is lying or not. The so-called "Magicians" that determined the study, were those people who could locate lies with an effectiveness greater than 80% (presumably for its facility to detect microexpressions in a natural way), while an ordinary person is not much better than a person. 50% random The study revealed that only 0.0025% of the population has this ability, because of 20,000 people studied, only 50 met the criteria. Facts like this have helped to feed the "myth" of mentalists who are able to read people's minds, when in reality they are simply individuals with an excellent capacity for observation.

Practice makes a master

There is also an online tool called Micro Expression Training Tool (METT) which is a very simple flash application where we can learn about microexpressions and the different types of emotions, which muscles are involved in which manifestation and practices or "drills" to review our abilities. Obviously, as we move with the tool, it becomes progressively more difficult; and on the other hand, the exercises that previously seemed impossible to us begin to be solved with great ease, since our brain is getting used to seeing precise areas of the face that are common to several emotions.

Current applications

The study of facial microexpressions has proved its worth in many different fields such as criminology, psychology, medicine and even 3D character animation.

Hanging

Hanging, according to Tardieu is defined as an act of violence in which the body taken by the neck in a tie tied to a fixed point and left to its own weight, exerts on the suspender loop a strong enough traction to produce abruptly the loss of knowledge, the arrest of vital functions and death.

The anoxemia by hanging is aided by its ease of handling, since it is easy to get a rope and a link where to hang it. For death to occur, it is enough that part of the subject is hung and not the whole person, some people have been found with knees on the floor or even semi-sitting. This is achieved because only 2 kg is necessary to obliterate the jugular veins, 5 kg to obliterate the carotid arteries, 15 kg to obstruct the trachea and 25 kg to suppress the permeability of the vertebral arteries.

There are hanging by suicide, accident, judicial execution, suicide is the most common, the accidental is given by children playing the "hanged". The judicial is by judicial order or death penalty. The crimes are often masked by resorting to "suspension" leaving the authority thinking that it is suicide. Suspension is a term used only for corpses that are hanged, but died of something else. If he has not died from anoxemia, Tardieu's spots are not found in the suspended.

Mechanism of death:

When the knot is in the mouth or under the chin and the rope slides well, the occlusion of the vessels and airways occurs rapidly, leading to rapid death, producing a pale face. If the knot is on one of the sides, it is seen in front of the ear, and the vessels on the opposite side are semipermeable, congestion occurs due to the suppression of the venous return, producing the cyanosed face.

When the knot is below the chin the head is back

When the knot is in the neck the head is forward.

Symptomatology of the hanged: Three periods are considered

'Hanging'

1. Anesthesia: presents the following symptoms

Heat sensation in the head

Ringing ears

Visual disturbances

Brain clumsiness

Intense pain in the neck

Loss of consciousness

2. Convulsive period:

Contractions of the muscles of the face (grimaces)

Uneven movements of upper and lower limbs: can cause injury to the subject

3. Final period due to anoxemia:

Precedes death

He can be removed and with care he will come back to life for a few hours, but he will die from the effects of the shock or hypostatic pneumonia

When it comes to the emission of urine and feces, it is impossible for him to live

Death is prevented by artificial respiration and if there is no damage to bodies or spinal cord.

Autopsy:

Pale face color, muscle tone and tongue position have little value.

The groove must be carefully studied: its direction, shape, appearance, consistency and depth. If the bond is hard and thin, the groove will be deeper, well-limited edges and the marked permeation of the dermis. It is considered a hard groove. If the material used is a belt, the groove will be soft.

There are unique, double and rarely triple grooves, depending on the number of bends of the loop or the number of these. The grooves below the larynx are rare.

The grooves can be:

Incomplete, complete

 

Oblique from front to back and from bottom to top, leaving the highest part in the knot

The bottom of the sulcus is pale and cyanosed by blood plasma.

The lower edge less marked unlike the upper part of the groove, there are ecchymosis and blood disorders, there is tearing of the carotids, and blood may be spilled in the area. There is dislocation or fracture of cervical vertebrae.

In thorax, there is pulmonary congestion, subpleural emphysema and bronchi full of mucus.

The brain is congested or ischemic, according to the handles around the neck

The diagnosis about the cause can give us data on whether the hanging is the cause of death, or if it is a suicide, a crime or an accident.

Branches of Criminalistics

Within the criminology there are technical applications of the work of different disciplines, auxiliary sciences and expert laboratories, among which are:

· Forensic anthropology: is the application of the science of Physical Anthropology to the legal process. To be able to determine the sex, size, age, ethnic group, and even reach the facial reconstruction of human remains. To be able to determine the sex, size, age, ethnic group, and even reach the facial reconstruction of human remains.

·Forensic ballistics: science that analyzes the firearms used in the crimes. It usually includes the study and analysis of projectiles and impacts determining the caliber of the fired weapon.

·Dactiloscopy: is the set of techniques and procedures that have as purpose the study and classification of fingerprints; using powders, iodine vapors, sodium cyano-acrylate or by means of the laser beam.

·Documentscopy: discipline related to the practical and methodical application of scientific knowledge, with the purpose of verifying the authenticity or determining the authorship of the documents.

·Hair and fiber study: Through chemical study it can be determined if the hair in the study is about human or animal hair, as well as other characteristics.

·Forensic Photography: The participation of the photographer to make the photographic fixation of the scene and everything related to it is fundamental; however, it is only the first part of his work, since later he will have to go to the forensic photography laboratory to carry out the development of the material with which the opinions will be illustrated.

·Forensic genetics: The study of biological material, such as saliva, semen, blood, hair, and other tissues, allows the typing of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), a modern identification method that, due to its great precision, has been called genetic fingerprinting.

Hematology: In this specialty the application of chemistry is essential if a stain that was found in the place of the fact is blood and if it is animal or human; in the case of human blood, the groups, subgroups and the RH factor will be determined.

·Forensic Medicine: If it is considered that the laboratory is the place where scientific research works are carried out, either the necrocomium or the Forensic Medical Services can be estimated as the laboratories that the doctors use for the thorough study of the corpse, and to determine their identity and cause of death.

·Forensic dentistry: is the application of dental knowledge for identification purposes and useful in Labor, Civil and Criminal Law. It is the branch of dentistry that deals with the management and proper examination of dental evidence and the assessment and presentation of dental findings, in the interest of justice.

·Forensic chemistry: It is the branch of Chemical Science that is in charge of the analysis, classification and determination of those elements or substances that were found in the place of the facts or that could be related to the commission of an illicit.

·Forensic toxicology: is the branch of toxicology that studies the methods of medical-legal investigation in cases of poisoning and death.

The Victimology

Victimology as a discipline (Mendelsohn) was born of criminology, after the Second World War, in order to deal with the scientific study of the victims, in response to the fact that both law, criminology and even forensic psychology were had focused only on the offender or offender, paying little attention to the aggrieved party.

Classification and types of victims (Landrove)

1.- Non-Participating Victims (or Fungible): also called entirely innocent or ideal. His intervention does not trigger the criminal act; the relationship between the offender and the victim is irrelevant. In turn, within this category are distinguished between accidental and indiscriminate victims. The former are replaced by chance in the path of criminals, as is the case, for example, of the client who is on a bench at the time of an armed robbery, or who suffers a violation derived from the reckless driving of an inebriated person. The latter comprise an even broader sector than the previous one, since at no time supports any link with the culprit. The traditional example is the anti-terrorist, in which there are often no personal reasons against the injured (collateral damage).

2.Participant Victims (or Infungibles): play a certain role in the origin of crime, voluntarily intervening or not, in the criminal dynamics. This is the case in some cases of unpredictability of the victim (when he does not close the access roads to the home, leaves a valuable object in the vehicle, walks into the night through a dangerous neighborhood, etc.). intervention is more decisive, provoking the event, which arises as retaliation or revenge against his performance. Likewise, there is talk of alternative victims, alluding to those who voluntarily stand in a position of being, depending on chance as a victim or victimizer (as in a duel or fight). Finally, the greatest contribution occurs in the case of voluntary victims, who instigate the crime or freely agree (euthanasia, homicide, suicide ...)

3. Family Victims: they belong to the family nucleus of the offender, and are in a situation of special vulnerability because of their living or domestic relationship with him (which in turn explains the wide "black figure" of the crimes produced in this environment) . Abuse and sexual assault in the home mainly have the weakest members as the passive object: women and children.

4. Collective Victims: In crimes that harm or endanger certain assets whose ownership does not correspond to a natural person, but to a legal entity, the community or the state: financial crimes, consumer fraud, computer crime, and other frauds of what is often called white-collar crime. In all these infractions, it is worth noting the depersonalization, collectivization and anonymity with respect to the relationships between offender and offender.

5. Especially Vulnerable Victims: those subjects who for various reasons offer a specific victimogenic predisposition. These circumstances include age, as it is often harder for children and the elderly to provide effective resistance. Also the physical or psychic state of the subject, due to the greater weakness caused by certain diseases and disabilities; race, which motivates the victimization of some minorities; and sex, being generally female the victim of certain crimes produced in the family environment, labor, etc. Homosexuality is at the base of some infractions (blackmail, physical aggression ...). There are also social factors that provide this greater victimization: the economic position, the lifestyle, the location of the house, the treatment of marginal groups, etc., as well as the risk inherent in the exercise of some professions (policemen, , employees of banks, pharmacists ...), and particularly the practice of prostitution.

6. Symbolic victims: some people suffer acts aimed at undermining a certain system of values, political party, ideology, sect or family, to which the aggrieved belongs, being a representative element of them; the murders of Martin Luther King or Aldo Moro are often cited as examples.

7. False victims: they denounce in crime that in fact it has not existed, offering a double modality: simulators, who act consciously putting the process in order in order to provoke a judicial error; e, imaginary, who mistakenly believe (for psychological reasons, or psychic immaturity) to have suffered a criminal act.

In conclusion, we could roughly consider how a physical / behavioral interaction, observable and multivariable, that for its commission needs the "criminal or criminal couple" composed of the actions and omissions of both the aggressor or the victimizer, as well as the victim in question.

Thus the study of the victim (from the Latin "defeated") for the forensic psychology, is particularly important as far as the "participant or triggering role" that corresponds to them. Psychologists, as well as professionals in the field of forensics, authorities and even citizens, should be aware of the causal relationship that exists between the occurrence of the crime and the contribution of the aggrieved in their victimization, for which and for the analysis of behavior criminal, it is essential the technical exercise of being able to determine what are the contributions of both the aggressor and the victim in the criminal act.

The word victim does not have a unique meaning, but is attributed different meanings according to the context in which it is used, so that sometimes it is synonymous with aggrieved or offended by crime, while in others it is presented in a more loose and considers any person (natural and legal) or number of these who suffer from natural or human causes.